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WYDZIAŁ INFORMATYKI, ELEKTRONIKI I TELEKOMUNIKACJI
Studia Podyplomowe
Systemy ERP ścieżka SAP S/4HANA/Analiza biznesowa w systemach ERP
oraz BI (Business Intelligence & Information Management)
Praca dyplomowa
Special purpose equipment production process
in SAP S/4 HANA PP
Autor: Aleksandra Zawadka
Opiekun pracy: Paweł Woźniak
Kraków, 2023
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I would like to sincerely thank the company Gambit Consulting for allowing me to participate in their
work and utilize a real business case as a foundation for my thesis. In particular I am deeply
thankful to Helen Jonas for her invaluable support in resolving various challenges that came along
while preparing the system demonstration. She also played a pivotal role in clarifying technical
aspects of SAP Production Planning module and provided a valuable feedback to my thesis.
Furthermore, I would like to extend my appreciation to Yat-Hey Yuen for his excellent guidance in
structuring my work and offering constructive feedback that contributed to my growth and
understanding of the role of SAP consultant.
Last, but not least I would like to deeply thank Wilfried Frank, my mentor during my internship at
Gambit, for his unwavering trust in my abilities. He has been a constant support during moments of
doubt and has shown immense patience while discussing the complexities of the SAP system.
I am very grateful for the support and encouragement I have received from all three individuals and
appreciate their contribution in shaping my thesis and the learning experience throughout the time
at Gambit Consulting.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................. 5
2. CURRENT SPE PRODUCTION PROCESS ................................................................................... 6
2.1 REQUEST FOR A NEW SPE ......................................................................................................... 6
2.2 DEVELOPMENT OF THE SPE ....................................................................................................... 6
2.3 MATERIAL MASTER CREATION .................................................................................................... 7
2.4 PROCUREMENT OF THE COMPONENTS ........................................................................................ 8
2.5 SPE MANUFACTURING ............................................................................................................... 8
2.6 USE IN SERIAL PRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 10
2.7 STORING IN SPE WAREHOUSE ................................................................................................. 10
3. CONCEPT OF SPE MANUFACTURING PROCESS ................................................................... 14
3.1 REQUEST FOR A NEW SPE ....................................................................................................... 14
3.2 PROCUREMENT OF THE COMPONENTS ...................................................................................... 15
3.3 SPE MANUFACTURING ............................................................................................................. 16
3.4 SPE STOCK KEEPING ............................................................................................................... 16
4. SPE SYSTEM CUSTOMISING ..................................................................................................... 20
4.1 SERIALISATION OF SPECIAL PURPOSE EQUIPMENT .................................................................... 20
4.1.1 Serial number profile and assignment to the equipment. .............................................. 20
4.1.2 Synchronisation of serial number profile and equipment number ................................. 21
4.2 CUSTOMISING OF MATERIAL ASSIGNMENT TO ROUTING TYPE .................................................... 21
4.3 PRODUCTION ORDER TYPE DEFINITION ..................................................................................... 22
4.4 DEFINITION OF ORDER-TYPE-DEPENDENT PARAMETERS ............................................................ 23
4.5 PRODUCTION SCHEDULING PROFILE .......................................................................................... 25
4.6 MATERIAL AVAILABILITY CHECK ................................................................................................. 27
4.7 CONFIRMATION PARAMETERS ................................................................................................... 30
4.8 COLLECTIVE ORDERS (WITH AUTOMATIC GOODS MOVEMENT) ..................................................... 31
5. PRODUCTION MASTER DATA ................................................................................................... 34
5.1 BILL OF MATERIAL .................................................................................................................... 34
5.2 WORK CENTRES ...................................................................................................................... 37
5.3 ROUTINGS ............................................................................................................................... 37
5.3.1 Parallel sequence of operations .................................................................................... 39
5.4 PRODUCTION VERSION ............................................................................................................. 40
6. PRODUCTION EXECUTION ........................................................................................................ 41
7. FURTHER SUGGESTIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT ..................................................................... 51
8. SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................... 54
9. BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................................... 55
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Process flow with Software used 6
Figure 2 Bill of Material in Team Centre 7
Figure 3 Production Order in Current Situation 9
Figure 4 Material Allocation to a Production Order 9
Figure 5 SPE Change History in MM Text Field 10
Figure 6 Stock location in Material Master 10
Figure 7 Special Purpose Equipment Current Production Process Part 1 12
Figure 8 Special Purpose Equipment Current Production Process Part 2 13
Figure 9 Process flow with used Software 14
Figure 10 Concept Production Process Flow Part 1 17
Figure 11 Concept Production Process Flow Part 2 18
Figure 12 Concept Production Process Flow Part 3 19
Figure 13 Serial Number Profile in IMG 20
Figure 14 Serializing Procedures 21
Figure 15 Serialization Level 21
Figure 16 Assignment of Material Types 22
Figure 17 Production Order Type 22
Figure 18 Order Type Dependent Parameters for PO. Planning View. 23
Figure 19 Order Type Dependent Parameters for PO. Implementation View. 24
Figure 20 Order Type Dependent Parameters for PO. Cost Accounting View. 24
Figure 21 Order Type Dependent Parameters for PO. Display Profiles View. 25
Figure 22 Production Scheduling Profile 25
Figure 23 Production Supervisor definition 25
Figure 24 Production Supervisor control 26
Figure 25 Scheduling Parameters 26
Figure 26 Scope of Availability Check 28
Figure 27 Material Availability Check 1 29
Figure 28 Material Availability Check 2 29
Figure 29 Confirmation Configuration Setting View 1 30
Figure 30 Confirmation Configuration Setting View 2 31
Figure 31 Special Procurement configuration 32
Figure 32 Special Procurement Indicator in MM 32
Figure 33 Check Order Types general view 32
Figure 34 Check Order Types detailed view 33
Figure 35 Exemplary Bill of Material diagram 34
Figure 36 Finished material - Bill of Material in SAP 35
Figure 37 Semifinished material 1 - Bill of Material in SAP 35
Figure 38 Semifinished material 2 - Bill of Material in SAP 35
Figure 39 Variable Size Material calculation formula 36
Figure 40 Variable Size Material BOM details 36
Figure 41 Semifinished product 1 Routing 38
Figure 42 Semifinished product 1 material allocation 38
Figure 43 Semifinished product 2 Routing 38
Figure 44 Semifinished product 2 material allocation 38
Figure 45 Finished product Routing 39
Figure 46 Finished product material allocation 39
Figure 47 Standard and parallel sequences diagram 39
Figure 48 Parallel Sequence Setting in Routing 40
Figure 49 Production Version 40
Figure 50 Production Order Creation (CO01) 41
Figure 51 Serial number creation 41
Figure 52 Purchase Requisition of NLAG Items 43
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Figure 53 Purchasing Order allocation to leading Production Order 43
Figure 54 Variable-size materials reservations 43
Figure 55 Semifinished materials reservations 44
Figure 56 Collective order release 45
Figure 57 Routing with standard sequence 45
Figure 58 Routing with parallel sequence 45
Figure 59 NLAG material allocation to PO 45
Figure 60 NLAG material direct withdrawal 46
Figure 61 Operation Confirmation 46
Figure 62 Collective Order Status after completing production orders for Semifinished materials 46
Figure 63 Leading order operation 10 confirmation 47
Figure 64 Material withdrawal after confirming the operation 10 47
Figure 65 Confirmation of parallel sequence operation 47
Figure 66 Confirmation of operation in standard sequence 48
Figure 67 Leading Order material withdrawal 48
Figure 68 Confirmation of further operations 48
Figure 69 Leading Order Status after production completion 48
Figure 70 Components Stock Levels after production is completed 50
Figure 71 SPE Product Structure View 50
Figure 72 Equipment Change with Room field 50
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1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
A System Migration into SAP S/4 HANA creates for a company a unique opportunity to
redefine its business processes and improve its operational performance through the use of
digital tools provided by SAP.
In the presented business case, the discussed department is a part of a well-established
original equipment manufacturer (OEM) in the aircraft industry. The department primarily
focuses on the development and manufacturing of special tooling, which serves as a
resource to support production of the end product.
Manufacturing process is inefficient
The current tooling manufacturing process, especially up the stream, requires substantial
manual effort. Some steps are executed with Excel spreadsheets and some with SAP, but
with only partial use or even misuse. This results in data redundancy and an inefficient
production process.
Execution of manufacturing fully in SAP will bring the efficiency
The concept presented in this work aims to provide an overview of the mechanisms in SAP
S/4 HANA that will bring the department to a level, where a transparent and traceable
manufacturing process of special purpose equipment (SPE) is a reality. It will focus on use of
master data and mechanisms available in SAP as a standard. The 3 main steps will help the
SPE department to streamline the process:
1. Maintain all materials only in SAP
2. Introducing serialisation for SPE sets.
3. Using standard master data in PP: bill of materials, routings, and production versions.
In the following document, these 3 points will be presented, together with the necessary
system configuration. Using a simplified example of production of SPE, its execution in SAP
will be then demonstrated.
The way ahead
Implementing the concept will require at first a significant effort from the team. Given the
variability of SPEs, introducing all components into SAP might be frustrating. In the long term
though the system will enforce the standardisation and eliminate redundancy of data in
various text documents. This will pave the way for the department for further automation and
significant increase of efficiency in daily activities.
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2. CURRENT SPE PRODUCTION PROCESS
The term special purpose equipment refers to equipment utilised as an aid in production to
perform one or more operations during the manufacturing of a final product or its
components. There are several types of SPEs to be distinguished, including transport
trolleys, negative models for composite components, fixtures for machining centres, and
gauges for final product structures. These SPEs are either produced internally within a
dedicated production division or externally by contracted suppliers. Unlike regular materials,
SPEs are not consumed and can be reused.
A basic demonstration of the SPE lifecycle with used software is illustrated below (the size of
a bubble corresponds to the usage rate during the step):
Figure 1 Process flow with Software used
2.1 REQUEST FOR A NEW SPE
The request for a SPE arises during the construction of a new serial product or the
modification of an existing SPE. A special committee consisting of members from Production
Engineering, Production, and Maintenance decides whether the equipment should be
produced. The requirements are specified in a formal document, which is subsequently sent
with an email to the SPE process engineering. At this point the data is transferred to Access
Database with creation of a dossier for the particular SPE for further use during creation of its
material master in SAP.
2.2 DEVELOPMENT OF THE SPE
After opening the SPE-Material in SAP, its SAP-material number is copied to the PLM tool -
Siemens Teamcenter, where all technical drawings, bill of material (BOM) and other technical
documents for the SPE are created and modified.
The BOM contains following materials:
Components/assemblies designed and used specifically in the requested SPE (one
time use). These materials have no material master in SAP and are added to the SPE
BOM as text data.
Raw materials used for internal production of SPE or its components.
These materials have no material master in SAP and are identified by the SPE
material number and additional index, e.g., 60000-1 or 60000-2.
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Components used in serial production on regular bases.
These materials are listed in the BOM with their SAP material numbers 900* and up.
The bill of materials, when created in Siemens Team Centre, contains all the components. In
the illustration below, one can see that some of the components are added as texts and
others contain the SPE materials number.
Figure 2 Bill of Material in Team Centre
The BOM is then saved as a pdf document and sent with other technical documentation to a
responsible process engineer for procurement and production planning and execution.
2.3 MATERIAL MASTER CREATION
A SPE is created with a customised Material Type "ZBET" (special resources). The new
Material is assigned with the next available number from a defined range, which is from
600000 to 699999. One of the pain points that the department needs to deal with is the fact
that in case of sets of the identical SPEs, each will still receive a different material number.
The SPE-specific data is organised in material master as follows:
Basic Data 1:
o Description field this field is used to describe the product produced with the SPE
o Old material number field represents the latest design revision of the SPE.
o X-Plant Mat. Status field - the functional maturity level of the SPE used for control
purposes of its application during manufacturing of the serial product.
MRP 1:
o MRP Type ND no planning.
MRP 2:
o Procurement Type E-internal production, F-external procurement, X-both (external
procurement and internal production).
o Production Storage location the central storage location of the SPE is
maintained. / Receiving storage location for which the receipt of the SPE is
posted.
Plant data/ Storage 1:
o Storage Bin storage location in the SPE- dedicated warehouse.
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2.4 PROCUREMENT OF THE COMPONENTS
Due to long lead times and limited information on the required SPE delivery date for the
serial production, it often happens that components and raw materials are ordered even if no
production order for the SPE is in the system. Since there is no demand created for the
SPEs, no material requirements planning and no BOM, the procurement of components is
not fully managed in SAP.
The SPE process engineer manages the purchasing of components and raw materials as
follows:
Procurement of SPE- specific materials
To request an offer for the raw materials or components without an SAP material master, the
responsible employee uses Excel forms provided by suppliers. Twice per week material
requirements are collected with a goal of reaching minimum order quantity.
The purchase order for corresponding materials will be then created in SAP (ME21N) with
use of DUMMY in the Material field and detailed material and requirements description in the
item text field.
Status of the purchase order is managed with two folders: Order Confirmation-Pending and
Order Confirmed. Depending on the status the PO document will appear in the
corresponding folder.
In the incoming goods, the goods receipt is generated for the purchase order and the
ordered materials are delivered to the SPE department where the delivered goods are
quantitatively and qualitatively controlled.
Procurement of standard materials
Standard materials are standardised screws, nuts, and bolts. The materials with 900*
numbers are managed with consumption-based planning strategy (with Re-Order Point ) and
proposed for replenishment after falling below the reorder point.
2.5 SPE MANUFACTURING
The responsible SPE process engineer opens a new production order by copying one of the
previous production orders for a similar SPE. He has an Excel list available with approx. 20
production order drafts that he will use as a basis and adapts the new order according to the
new requirements.
A new production order is created without header material, but the required SPE will be
allocated as a component to the operation 0010 in the order. The SPE description, reference
technical drawing and end product information are added in the material description field in
the header. Other materials required in the production process of SPE are allocated to the
first operation or noted in text fields.
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Figure 3 Production Order in Current Situation
All the routings are created with a sequential order of operations, though some of them are in
fact executed in parallel. Required documents, such as production orders and technical
specifications or drawings, are printed multiple times to ensure their availability during
parallel operations.
All the manufacturing operations of the SPE are coded with 10, 20, 30, etc., whereas the
Quality Control and Logistics steps, after the product is finished, are numbered with 1000
and up.
The components are allocated to the first operation. Usually only the standard materials
generally used in serial production are allocated. The other materials, specific for the SPE,
are added as texts.
Figure 4 Material Allocation to a Production Order
Components picked in the central warehouse are collected in small trays and then placed in
the manual storage area. The shelves in the manual storage are organised according to an
identification system with small trays each tray receives a post-It note with the first 3 digits
of the Production Order number. DIN standard parts and small gauges are stored in drawers
at the workstations.
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The workers do a partial confirmation at a terminal in production at the end of each operation
and the shift supervisor does final confirmation of all using CO11N. The actual duration times
are tracked with the confirmations.
The SPE process engineer then updates the production order with factual data from the
production and confirms technical completion of the production.
The quality control is performed as a First Article Inspection of the serial production part and
is scheduled with a month buffer before an estimated requirement date. When reaching
Operation Nr 1000 the SPE is practically ready for use. The current Quality Inspection
process is though not discussed in this work.
2.6 USE IN SERIAL PRODUCTION
As mentioned previously each unit of SPE sets receives a separate material number,
however any changes done to the tooling, e.g., its usage history is documented in Basic Data
Text in Material Master and repeated for each of them.
Figure 5 SPE Change History in MM Text Field
2.7 STORING IN SPE WAREHOUSE
The finished and released for use SPE is then either delivered directly to the workstation or is
placed in the SPE warehouse. The warehouse has no management system available and the
location of a new SPE is entered in the material master’s section - Plant Data/ Warehouse 1
General Data.
Figure 6 Stock location in Material Master
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When the SPE is needed for serial production, production employees can retrieve it
independently from the warehouse. He needs to write down the relevant information on a
paper list hanging by the entrance to the warehouse. Later on, the responsible warehouse
employee enters the following information into the SAP:
Post Goods Issue (MB1A) Movement Type (333 Withdrawal of unrestricted stock
for Sampling)
Material Change (MM02) Additional Data Long text Production Order Number,
SPE number from the Set if applicable, when and by whom it is withdrawn.
After use of the SPE for serial production, it is then returned to the warehouse. The transport
is recorded with the Goods Receipt transaction and Movement Type 334 Booking back the
sample.
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Figure 7 Special Purpose Equipment Current Production Process Part 1
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Figure 8 Special Purpose Equipment Current Production Process Part 2
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3. CONCEPT OF SPE MANUFACTURING PROCESS
After closely examining the current way of executing the SPE manufacturing process, one
can conclude that SAP system is indeed in use. However, many steps are either “semi-
standard” such as final product added as a component to the first operation in production
order. Other steps in process are text-heavy,” with the majority of information recorded in
text fields in material master. As a result, obtaining the up-to-date information or automating
the SPE production process becomes time consuming and inefficient.
The aim of further part of this work is to present a manufacturing process mock-up with use
of prepared master data and standard solutions available in SAP S/4 HANA. It is the author's
sincere hope that the reader will acquire knowledge on how to configure the system and
implement specific concepts in order to achieve a transparent and straightforward SPE
production process.
At the highest level, the E2E process stays the same, but the majority of steps are executed
in SAP:
Figure 9 Process flow with used Software
3.1 REQUEST FOR A NEW SPE
The Special Purpose Equipment serves as a production resource for the manufacturing of
the main end product. The standard material type designated by SAP for this purpose is
Production Resource/ Tool (FHMI). Therefore, the SPEs receive this material type.
Other current material master settings are not considered in the concept and will not be
further discussed. Considering that demand for the SPE occurs spontaneously, the ND (no
planning) MRP Type seems to make the most sense.
In current situation, the material master needs to be first created in SAP to obtain the
material number and then the number is copied to Team Centre for the SPE design and
construction steps. Until the interface between the two software systems is established, this
part of the process must remain unchanged. Once it is indeed in place, the material number
for the SPE can be established in Team Centre first and then transferred to SAP.
In the suggested solution, the Bill of Material is created in the Team Centre and all the
components are copied to/ created and always managed in the SAP system. This is an
important precondition for the successful implementation of the concept discussed.
Additionally, once the interface between the TC and SAP is established also the BOM data
can automatically transferred and material master created.
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3.2 PROCUREMENT OF THE COMPONENTS
SAP offers several options for managing procurement of “non-standard” components by
offering multiple material types in material master or item categories in bill of material.
Consequently, the thesis will concentrate on SAP standard solutions that provide
transparency and avoid unnecessary use of DUMMY type of materials and Excel
spreadsheets for ordering materials.
In presented case, the user can choose from following options:
Non-stock Item Category/ Non-Stock Material (N-S)
Components that are used only once for the specific SPE and not kept on stock are
managed through the use of Non-Stock Item Category. Non-stock items can be entered in
the BOM with or without a master record. To enter a non-stock item without a master record,
a descriptive text must be entered in the BOM. For these types of components SAP
automatically generates purchasing requisitions in the planning run or directly when
production order is created. As the N-S materials are booked in upon delivery, they are
directly withdrawn in the production order. This eliminates the need for DUMMY data or long
texts in purchasing orders, as all necessary information is automatically copied from the
material master.
Variable-Size Item Category (V-S)
Raw materials ordered in blocks, sheets, or metal bars can be set as Various-Size Items. In
the position details in BOM, the component’s dimensions must be maintained. It allows then
the system to calculate the sum of demand and trigger a purchasing requisition, in case of
material shortages. A more detailed description of V-S Items will be provided later in the text.
The procurement of materials with a reorder point remains the same as they are managed
with central procurement for the entire facility.
To simplify the material requirements planning for components in the SPE, it is suggested to
use the same MRP controller for SPE to each of the materials. It is recommended that the
planner runs the MRP Live transaction for the materials specified in the BOM using the SPE
MRP Controller type.
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3.3 SPE MANUFACTURING
The presented production process anticipates that all components are maintained in the SAP
system.
Until now the SPE department has manufactured and stored around 40’000 equipment units
and gauges. This is a starting point and valuable data base for categorization of SPEs and
standardisation of their production process.
After the SPEs are categorised by the use or manufacturing process, the production can be
standardised with use of reference routings. In the future a responsible SPE engineer can
combine them into a routing in the new equipment production and only adjust necessary
fields based on the construction information. Copying of old production orders and cleaning
them from components allocations, texts, costs, etc. can then be eliminated, as the reference
routings contain only operations.
SAP allows to maintain standard and parallel sequences in the production. Since in the
baseline case both types are present, the proposed solution utilises the standard and
consequently will ensure that what is set in the system exactly reflects the factual production
process.
The Quality Check no longer occurs as an operation within the production order; instead, the
finished SPE will be first transported to the Quality Stock and eventually released for use and
stored in SPE Warehouse.
Additionally, the system is configured to automatically create an Equipment Master once the
material production order is saved or released. The material receives a serial number that is
synchronous with the Equipment number.
Quality Management of SPE is not part of the presented concept.
The Production Version is a mandatory master data element for executing the production
process in SAP S/4 HANA and will be discussed in further detail later.
One of the important challenges faced in the current situation are sets of SPEs that have the
same material number and the history of use and changes is tracked in a long text field in
material master. Furthermore, in this case a user can benefit from SAP standard solution,
which is serialisation of each SPE. At the point of creation or release of a production order
the equipment master is created and receives a number synchronous with the serial number
in the material master.
3.4 SPE STOCK KEEPING
Since there are no means or intention to implement a warehouse management system for
the SPE warehouse, the storage location needs to be maintained elsewhere. The Equipment
Master provides an opportunity for this, as the "Room" field can contain any text information.
In the Equipment Selection transaction IE05, the equipment storing location can be easily
found.
Having an Equipment set in the system, it can be then maintained in Production Maintenance
module, however, it is out of the scope of our concept.
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Figure 10 Concept Production Process Flow Part 1
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Figure 11 Concept Production Process Flow Part 2
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Figure 12 Concept Production Process Flow Part 3
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4. SPE SYSTEM CUSTOMISING
In the following chapter the required configuration will be presented. A Serial Number Profile,
necessary to distinguish each unit of SPE set, as well as settings for Equipment Master
creation will be described in part 4.1.
As the Special Purpose Equipment is intended to be used as a resource in the production
process of a main product, the Material Category is chosen according to its purpose - as
FHMI. The equipment though is produced in-house, which implies further configuration in
Production settings. Chapter 4.2 will explain how to enable in-house production of Resource
and Tooling materials. It will cover introduction of a new order type that distinguishes the SPE
production in the system and then it will focus on its parametrization, scheduling, material
availability check and confirmation of completion.
4.1 SERIALISATION OF SPECIAL PURPOSE EQUIPMENT
On top of the use of SPEs in the new planes production, its further purpose is their
maintenance and overhaul. Consequently, the SPE needs to be established in SAP as
Equipment, too.
Currently, when SPEs are manufactured, each identical unit receives a separate material
number, which results in an overflow of material masters for the same SPEs. However, this
can be avoided by introducing serialisation for the manufactured sets.
4.1.1 Serial number profile and assignment to the equipment.
The serial number profile acts as a prerequisite for identifying materials with serial numbers.
Each profile controls the following:
The business procedures during which serial numbers can be assigned.
Whether serialisation is mandatory, optional, performed automatically or not all.
Definition whether equipment master record should or should not be created for each
serial number.
Information about stock check and how the system should react in the event of
inconsistencies.
Customization path:
Logistics-General
Material Master
Sales and Distribution
Basic Functions
Serial
Numbers
Determine Serial Number Profiles
Serial number profile ZSPE defines that the serial number is created with SPE production
order creation or release processing. The serial numbers always refer to the order item.
Figure 13 Serial Number Profile in IMG
The serial number will be assigned to the Production resource/tools Equipment type. No
stock validation is required.
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Following procedures are in place:
PPAU - Serial Numbers are Created when the order is Created used in PP order.
PPRL - Serial Numbers are Created when the order is Released used in PP order. If
a serial number requirement exists and no or not all serial numbers have been
assigned, the order cannot be released.
Figure 14 Serializing Procedures
4.1.2 Synchronisation of serial number profile and equipment number
The serial number and equipment number are kept synchronous. In the material master
record in Plant Data/Storage 2 the indicator Serialization Level - 1 is set.
Figure 15 Serialisation Level
Synchronisation of the equipment number with the material serial number allows to simplify
identification of the equipment in the shop floor. One can also identify the equipment with the
material number in transaction IE05.
4.2 CUSTOMISING OF MATERIAL ASSIGNMENT TO ROUTING TYPE
To enable manufacturing of Special Purpose Equipment as a FHMI Material type, the link
between the material and routing needs to be established.
The FHMI Material can be assigned to a Routing in IMG catalogue in the following path:
Production
Basic Data
Routing
General Data
Define Material Type Assignments
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Figure 16 Assignment of Material Types
4.3 PRODUCTION ORDER TYPE DEFINITION
In general, SAP distinguishes three types of production: Make-to-Stock, Make-to-Order and
Engineer-to- Order. In the discussed case, the special purpose equipment is manufactured to
stock, as there are no customer orders triggering the demand. In order to differentiate the
SPE manufacturing process, an individual Order Type ZSPE was created:
Production
Shop Floor Control
Order
Define Production Order Types
Figure 17 Production Order Type
All the parameters: the Control Indicator, Reorganisation, Order Status and Cost Controlling
settings are copied from SAP standard MTS production order type (YBM1).
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4.4 DEFINITION OF ORDER-TYPE-DEPENDENT PARAMETERS
Next, we define what data will be selected for the ZSPE order type when creating a
production order.
Production → Master Data → Order → Define Order Type Dependent Parameters
In section Planning:
System selects automatically the first available Production Version.
Selection ID determines the ranking or routing selection priority, its usage and key
status of the routing. For order type ZSPE a routing (N), with Status (4) Released
(General) for Production has a first priority and with Status (2) Released for Order has
a second priority.
Check Operation detail defines whether operation detail screens are to be checked
when the operations are transferred to the order.
Routing text defines if the text from the routing header is copied into the production
order.
BOM application defines what type of usage the BOM alternatives are automatically
selected.
Figure 18 Order Type Dependent Parameters for PO. Planning View.
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In section Implementation:
Status change documents are created for all status changes, at each of the four
levels.
Shop Floor Information System I01 is standard selection for data update. One can
carry out reports for materials, orders, work centres, etc.
Documentation of goods movements specifies whether GR documents should be
created in reference to objects.
Figure 19 Order Type Dependent Parameters for PO. Implementation View.
Cost Accounting Tab:
Figure 20 Order Type Dependent Parameters for PO. Cost Accounting View.
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Display Profiles Tab:
Figure 21 Order Type Dependent Parameters for PO. Display Profiles View.
4.5 PRODUCTION SCHEDULING PROFILE
SAP provides a standard Production scheduling profile to configure order controls to
automatically execute various actions, e.g., release of order on its creation, confirmation of
material availability for partial quantities or automatic goods movements. The production
scheduling profile is set at material level in Working Scheduling. In this way, a different set of
control for different kinds of producible materials can be defined. The production scheduling
profile is then copied into the order during order creation.
Production
Shop Floor Control
Master Data
Define production scheduling profile for DM
Figure 22 Production Scheduling Profile
In Profile ZSPE the order is automatically scheduled on release and document links for
materials are created. Other actions, such material availability check or goods receipt,
capacity planning or confirmations are set in master data.
Following controls can be set:
Production Scheduler
Production Shop Floor Control Master Data Define production supervisor for DM
Figure 23 Production Supervisor definition
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Scheduling Parameters for Production Orders
Production Operations Scheduling Define Scheduling Parameters for Production
Orders
The scheduling parameters are set at the plant level for the order type and a production
scheduler. We can define that all the production supervisors can control ZSPE order type
scheduling parameters by adding “ * “.
Figure 24 Production Supervisor control
In Detail Scheduling we tick Generate Capacity Regulations to use a lead time of scheduling.
In regular type of scheduling the system check parameters set in Adjust scheduling field and
Availability of raw materials. In detail scheduling or so-called lead time scheduling the system
considers also timings given in each operation.
Figure 25 Scheduling Parameters
The Dates/ Times information in the Production Order Header is controlled with parameters
in Adjust scheduling.
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4.6 MATERIAL AVAILABILITY CHECK
SAP determines the material availability in 2 ways:
Against independent requirements:
o Used with, for example, strategy 50, 60, 52, 63, 74. (All other strategies use ATP
check.)
o Only planned independent requirements are taken into account
o No MRP elements (for example, stock) are taken into account
o No requirement to customise the checking rule
o The field Availability check is only used to determine the requirements passing
(daily or individual requirements)
according to the ATP (available-to-promise) method. The system checks if the material
requirements can be covered on the requirements date. In case of material shortage, it
checks when the coverage can be ensured.
The ATP method takes into account available inventory in the required time based on
following formula:
𝐴𝑇𝑃 = (𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑛 𝐻𝑎𝑛𝑑 + 𝐹𝑢𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦) 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑
Quantity on Hand the inventory available for immediate use
Future Supply Quantity the inventory ordered or planned to produce, that will be
available on the required date
Demand all projected or already confirmed use of materials
The following applies only to the ATP checking method:
All the materials that need to be checked for their availability require setting a Checking
Group Key. It is allocated in Material Masters and determines how the system checks
availability and generates requirements for materials planning.
Another important setting for material availability check is the Checking Rule.
Following settings need to be in place:
Checking Group 02 individual requirements
Production Shop Floor Control Operations Availability check Define checking
group
28
Checking Rule In the standard system in production orders is PP.
Production → Shop Floor Control Operations Availability check Define checking rule
Checking group and checking rule together specify the scope of the check:
o elements relevant to MRP (inward goods movements/outward goods movements)
are taken into account (for example, purchase requisition, purchase order,
planned order)
o which stock categories are taken into account
o whether replenishment lead time is checked
Figure 26 Scope of Availability Check
29
In Order Control the connection between the Availability Check and the Plant with Order
Type is made.
Shop Floor Control Operations Availability Check Define Checking Control
For Order Type ZSPE the material availability is checked during order creation (1):
Figure 27 Material Availability Check 1
and during order release (2):
Figure 28 Material Availability Check 2
30
4.7 CONFIRMATION PARAMETERS
Confirmations are used to book the completion of production quantities at each operation
(partial completion or final completion). Confirmation is not a receiving goods in stock, but a
declaration of production at each operation and of booking cost incurred.
For our order type ZSPE the confirmations are configured as shown below:
Generally Valid Settings:
In Checks under Operation Sequence one can define, if the system allows changes (e.g.,
skipping an operation) and what type of response it generates message, information,
termination, error, or warning. In the selection chosen, the operations are allowed to take
place in any order.
Figure 29 Confirmation Configuration Setting View 1
Automatic backflush of all components for the ZSPE production orders, no matter what is set
in MM or Routing.
Individual Entry General:
System automatically suggests Partial Confirmations as a default.
The Error Logs are created in case of faulty Goods Movements (COGI)
31
Figure 30 Confirmation Configuration Setting View 2
4.8 COLLECTIVE ORDERS (WITH AUTOMATIC GOODS MOVEMENT)
A collective order is a network of planned or production orders across several manufacturing
levels. It is used for materials produced in-house and an order for the top-level material in the
hierarchy automatically generates orders for its semifinished products.
Collective orders can be used in:
Make-to-Stock production
Sales-order-related production (Sales-order-based mass production and MTO)
SAP distinct two ways of processing a collective order:
CO with automatic good movements
CO without automatic GM.
32
In the presented example we will use a collective order with automatic good movements.
In order to successfully process a collective order, the following configuration needs to be
set:
Special procurement type for collective orders needs to be added in Configuration.
Production Material Requirements Planning Master Data Define Special
Procurement Type
Figure 31 Special Procurement configuration
This configuration allows to indicate materials that will be processed in the collective order.
Materials that are manufactured with the lower-level order have the Special Procurement
indicator set in MRP 2:
Figure 32 Special Procurement Indicator in MM
The Automatic Goods Movement is set in Controlling configuration:
Controlling
Product Cost Controlling
Cost Object Controlling
Product Cost by Order
Manufacturing Orders
Check Order Types
Figure 33 Check Order Types general view
33
The goods movements between manufacturing levels are enabled in Cost Controlling . This
indicator is transferred into the order header (master data) of the orders. If there are differing
order types within the collective order, the setting of the indicator of the order type of the
leading order takes precedence. This indicator is transferred to all lower-level orders and
overrides their original indicators.
Figure 34 Check Order Types detailed view
34
5. PRODUCTION MASTER DATA
Having covered technical details, the Chapter 5 will present material master data, such as
raw, semi-finished or non-stock materials, as well as production master: bill of materials,
work centres, routings, and production version.
The production order for SPE will be created, together with equipment master and serial
number. We will observe collective order creation for semifinished materials, material
reservations for stock materials and purchasing requisitions for non-stock materials. As we
execute the production orders and confirm the finalisation of each operation, we will be able
to observe the automatic goods movements and material consumption at allocated operation
levels.
Based on the chosen scenario of a SPE production process, it will be shown how to leverage
SAP features: parallel sequencing and collective orders.
For the process simulation following materials were created:
Finished material: 2574 Special Purpose Equipment
Raw materials
o 2581 SPE Aluminium Block (0.5m x 0.5m x 0.2m), 20kG, B.U.M. = M3, MRP
Type VB, Planning Strategy 10
o 2582 SPE Stainless Steel 5mm sheet (1m x 1m x 0.005m), 5kG, B.U.M. =
M3, MRP Type VB, Planning Strategy 10
o 2585 - SPE Label plate with inscription, MRP Type VB, Planning Strategy 10
o 2587 SPE O-Ring, MRP Type VB, Planning Strategy 10
Semifinished materials:
o 2591 SPE Semifinished 1, MRP Type PD, Planning Strategy 70
o 2611 SPE Semifinished 2, MRP Type PD, Planning Strategy 70
Non-stock materials
o 2583 SPE red aluminium oval-head screw M6x10
o 2592 SPE cylindrical head screw M10
All the created materials are allocated to SPE Controller .
5.1 BILL OF MATERIAL
Schematic representation of Bill of Material used in the exemplary scenario:
Figure 35 Exemplary Bill of Material diagram
35
Material 2574 Special Purpose Equipment BOM with quantities:
Figure 36 Finished material - Bill of Material in SAP
Material 2591 SPE Semifinished 1 BOM with quantities
Figure 37 Semifinished material 1 - Bill of Material in SAP
Material 2611 SPE Semifinished 2 BOM with quantities
Figure 38 Semifinished material 2 - Bill of Material in SAP
In two of the BOMs, the Raw Materials 2581 and 2582 are set as Variable-Size items. Let’s
shortly concentrate on the demand calculation for these types of items.
For the case of Variable-Size Items, the system automatically calculates the total quantity of
the raw materials required based on the sizes and the formula entered in the BOM.
The formulas can be defined in Customising in Production by choosing:
Bill of Material
Item Data
Define formulas for variable-size items
36
The two raw materials are aluminium block and stainless-steel sheet that have rectangular
parallelepiped shape. The used formula is presented below:
Figure 39 Variable Size Material calculation formula
The raw material requirement is calculated with following formula:
𝑅𝑎𝑤 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑉𝑆𝐼 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑙𝑦 𝑉𝑆𝐼 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦
where:
One can assign the calculation formula for the material in BOM:
Figure 40 Variable Size Material BOM details
37
5.2 WORK CENTRES
Following work centres were created:
Work Centers
Description
SPE_MIL1
Milling 1
SPE_MIL2
Milling 2
SPE_ASS1
Assembly 1
SPE_ASS2
Assembly 2
SPE_INSC
Label plate inscription
SPE_4EYE
Final four-eyes control
5.3 ROUTINGS
Having defined a bill of material with required components and their properties, it is now
necessary to specify how they will be transformed to a final product. The routing describes
the sequence of the individual operations in the production.
In discrete manufacturing two types of Routing can be distinguished:
Routing outlines sequence of operations in order to manufacture a material. A single
material can be created with several different routings, depending on a lot size ranges or
used processing techniques.
Rate Routing is a reference set of operations not assigned to a material, as it is in
a routing. It comprises a frequently repeated operations in a production process to which
a recourse is made on a regular basis. The rate routing can be used as a template in
material-bounded routings in order to reduce the data entry effort. On top of it, the “normal”
routings are automatically updated every time linked rate routings are changed.
In our case, we will use material-related routing. An exemplary production process is
presented in the illustration YY.
In this example, each semi-finished component requires a separate routing for the milling
operation.
38
SPE Semifinished product 1 (Routing A):
Figure 41 Semifinished product 1 Routing
material allocation:
Figure 42 Semifinished product 1 material allocation
SPE Semifinished product 2 (Routing B):
Figure 43 Semifinished product 2 Routing
Material allocation:
Figure 44 Semifinished product 2 material allocation
39
SPE final product (Routing C)
Figure 45 Finished product Routing
and components allocation to operations 10 and 20:
Figure 46 Finished product material allocation
5.3.1 Parallel sequence of operations
In Routing C there are two production steps assembly 2 and label inscription that require
parallel execution. This type of sequence starts at operation 20 (assembly 2) in the routing C
and a parallel operation 10 (inscription) is triggered.
Figure 47 Standard and parallel sequences diagram
40
SAP differentiate sequence types with sequence category key
Figure 48 Parallel Sequence Setting in Routing
It is worth mentioning that parallel sequences can be created in routings and rate routings
only and not in reference operation sets or reference rate routings.
5.4 PRODUCTION VERSION
A production version is the link between the bill of material (BOM) of a product and the
routing. It determines which BOM relates to the relevant routing to produce a material or plan
a material. Depending on the lot sizes and validity dates there may be different production
versions for the same end product.
Figure 49 Production Version
41
6. PRODUCTION EXECUTION
The demonstration of a solution in the system starts with creating a production order with
transaction Production Order Create (CO01). In the example one unit of Special Purpose
Equipment will be produced.
Figure 50 Production Order Creation (CO01)
In the moment of saving the production order the serial number allocation takes place:
Figure 51 Serial number creation
The production order is created:
42
Example of Production Order document with standard and parallel sequences:
43
The Non-Stock Materials receive automatic Purchase Requisition can be viewed in Stock
Overview Transaction (MD04):
Figure 52 Purchase Requisition of NLAG Items
The Purchase Order is assigned to the created Leading Production Order :
Figure 53 Purchasing Order allocation to leading Production Order
Material reservations and results of Variable-Size Items Demand calculation can be viewed in
Stock Overview (MD04):
Figure 54 Variable-size materials reservations
44
Production Orders for Semi-finished materials can be viewed in Stock Overview transaction
MD04:
Figure 55 Semifinished materials reservations
As an example, for planning other components, a MRP Live function is presented. All the
materials can be selected for planning with the MRP Controller SPE. It is executed in
transaction MD01N:
In the chosen Planning Mode, the system deletes all the planning data and recreates the
planning data.
45
The raw materials are now available; therefore, a collective order can be released. This
action is then performed in Production Order Change transaction (CO02):
Figure 56 Collective order release
Leading Production Order Routing with Standard Sequence in detailed view :
Figure 57 Routing with standard sequence
And parallel operations:
Figure 58 Routing with parallel sequence
For the demonstration purposes purchased materials are delivered and booked with
Incoming Goods transaction (MIGO) for Non-Stock Materials:
Figure 59 NLAG material allocation to PO
46
Non-Stock Materials are surpassing the stock and are directly withdrawn at the production
order level:
Figure 60 NLAG material direct withdrawal
First the dependent orders production is performed and confirmed. The Operation
Confirmations are then executed in Enter Time Ticket for Production Order transaction
(CO11N). As set out in the configuration the goods movements are executed automatically.
Figure 61 Operation Confirmation
Collective Order Status after confirming production orders for semifinished materials:
Figure 62 Collective Order Status after completing production orders for Semifinished materials
47
Next the Operation 10 in leading order is confirmed in CO11N:
Figure 63 Leading order operation 10 confirmation
All materials are allocated to operation 10 and with the confirmation they’re withdrawn:
Figure 64 Material withdrawal after confirming the operation 10
Confirmation of the parallel sequence:
Figure 65 Confirmation of parallel sequence operation
Automatic Goods Movement takes place:
Return to standard sequence and confirmation:
48
Figure 66 Confirmation of operation in standard sequence
Last material is now withdrawn:
Figure 67 Leading Order material withdrawal
Further confirmations of completing production operations:
Figure 68 Confirmation of further operations
The Leading Order is now confirmed and SPE is delivered:
Figure 69 Leading Order Status after production completion
49
The Stock levels after production can be viewed in Stock Overview transaction (MD04):
Aluminium Block 2581:
Stainless steel sheet 2582:
SPE Semifinished product 2591:
SPE Semifinished product 2611:
Raw material O- Ring 2587:
Label plate 2585:
50
Non-stock material has no stock:
Special Purpose Equipment Stock level:
Figure 70 Components Stock Levels after production is completed
As set in the system the Equipment and Material Serial Number are identical. The Product
Structure can be viewed in the material master in Environment view.
Figure 71 SPE Product Structure View
Though there’s no warehouse management system available for the SPEs, the department
can still “book” the equipment in Change Equipment transaction (IE02) in Location view:
Figure 72 Equipment Change with Room field
The Production Order is then set as technically completed.
51
7. FURTHER SUGGESTIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT
The table below presents the comparison of the current situation with the concept and gives
an overview on further improvements/ open points that can be addressed once the SPE
department starts the digital transformation journey with SAP solutions.
Category
Details
Current Situation
Concept
Open Points
Details
Material Master
SPE
Material creation
First created in
SAP and copied to
TC.
same as in the
current process
Interface
between
Teamcenter and
SAP
Once the interface
between TC and
SAP is set, the
optimal way would
be to create all the
materials with their
Master Data and
transfer them to
SAP through this
interface with
automatic creation
of the necessary
objects in the
system.
Material Type
ZBET
FHMI
Material type
with Costing
Views
the FHMI doesn't
have Costing Views
in its Material
Master (cannot
assess the
consequences)
MRP-Type for SPE
ND
ND
SPE Production
planned in SAP
Ideally the SPE
should be planned
acc. to the
requirement date in
the serial
production. This
requires
transparency in
serial production
scheduling and
standardised lead
times for SPE
components or
increased stock
levels of raw
materials in order to
quickly react to the
demand from serial
production.
Storage location
Material Master /
Storage location
text field
Equipment Master
/ Room text field
Production
Maintenance
Module
The equipment shall
be maintained in
Production
Maintenance
Module
Additional Data/
Long text
used for tracking
of allocation and
deallocation of
SPE set units to
final production
Changes are
tracked in
Equipment Master
data
Sets of SPE
each unit of a set
receives a new
material number,
changes of all are
noted in Additional
Information / Long
text
Sets have the
same material
number, but
different serial
numbers, that
identify single
units. The serial
number in MM is
synchronised with
Equipment
number.
Production
Maintenance
Module
The equipment shall
be maintained in
Production
Maintenance
Module
52
Category
Details
Current Situation
Concept
Open Points
Details
Material
Master
Components
Components
introduced in Team
Centre, not all
managed in SAP
through MM
all components
have MM
Centralised
Procurement
of SPE
Components
Maintaining
procurement in
centralised
Procurement
Department can
bring better prices
coming from
procuring in higher
volumes, faster lead
times due to
exposition to larger
supplier base, as
well as decrease in
stock levels as a
result of using
dedicated KPIs
Assemblies
Text information in
BOM / no MM
own material
number with
production in a
collective order
SPE Raw materials
Text information in
BOM / no MM
MM with
dimensions
Standard Raw
materials
MM exists, but
purchased
independent from
central procurement
team
MM exists, strongly
advised to involve
central procurement
in the material
management
Procurement
Components
specific for SPE /
one time use
no MM, material
procured with DUMMY
code and description
of material
requirements in
purchasing order text
MM with NLAG
material type, all the
data maintained in
MM
SPE Raw materials
RFQ and ordering
process maintained in
Excel
Materials specified
in BOM as Variable-
Size Items, system
calculates the total
demand
Purchasing Orders
Purchasing Order
created in SAP, pdf
stored in one of two
folders (confirmation
pending/ confirmed)
Purchasing Orders
created in SAP,
delivery dates
maintained in the
system
Production
Parallel Sequence
Standard Sequence of
operations, though
some are in reality
parallel. Production
documents are printed
several times and
distributed to the work
centres, where the
parallel operations
take place.
Standard routing
with parallel
sequence as in real
production process
Manufacturing
Execution
System
In order to further
improve
performance of the
SPE production, the
MES can be
introduced together
with digital devices.
Production Version
Not required in ECC
Mandatory in SAP
S/4 HANA
Production Order
new production orders
are created by
copying old ones and
adjusting them to the
new requirements
production order
with automatic
choice of first
available production
version for the
certain quantities or
other conditions
No material allocation
to the order header
production order
created with SPE
material in the
header
53
Category
Details
Current Situation
Concept
Open Points
Details
Production
Production
Order Type
customised FS
customised ZSPE to
distinguish SPE
production orders
Confirmations
partial confirmations
in operations, final
confirmation at the
end of the
production with
CO11N - all done at
one computer
station in the shop
floor
confirmations with
automated backflush of
materials in CO11N
MES and
smart devices
The confirmations
can be done at the
work centre just
after the operation
was executed by
using wireless
smart devices
Quality Control
First Item Inspection
as an operation in
Production Order
not in the scope of work
Quality
Management
of SPEs
The SPEs Quality
Management shall
include Quality
Inspection after
Production and later
on as a part of
Equipment
Maintenance.
Stock
management
Storage
location
noted in the General
information in MM
noted in Room
information in
Equipment Master
Warehouse
Management
System
The WMS can help
to optimize the
storing and goods
movements of
SPEs. It presents
information on stock
location levels and
supports
maintenance of
KPIs.
Stock levels
Over 40.000 stored
SPEs
not in scope
In order to decrease
the number of
stored SPEs, the
responsible team
will need to assess
the usability of the
currently stored
ones and decide on
criteria for
scrapping
Stock in
shopfloor area
small boxes with
post-It cards
not discussed
Lean Six
Sigma
The responsible
team may introduce
Lean Six Sigma in
order to streamline
logistics. A potential
way to eliminate
waste is DMAIC
method. The first
area to work on are
all small parts
storages next ot
work centres. The
stock levels,
rotation of materials
as well as timely
delivery of materials
from central
warehouse may be
addressed next.
Equipment
Management
Equipment
number
synchronisatio
n with Serial
Number in MM
not available
allows to physically
identify the equipment
with the material number
and its serial number
54
8. SUMMARY
Today, many actions in the production process rely heavily on manual effort and use of
various software tools. The utilisation of SAP is limited to specific tasks and is not fully
implemented. In result the production execution of SPEs is slow, needs loops of
communication to confirm various data, and exhibits a high level of redundancy.
Presented concept, if implemented, can enhance the production process by leveraging SAP
standard solutions. This requires though ensuring that comprehensive data maintenance is
achieved within the SAP system.
Further improvement of the production process can be achieved with use of production
versions based on standardised BOMs and rate routing. First though a significant effort
needs to be put into analysing BOMs and categorising already produced SPEs that had
identical routings.
Implementing changes and leveraging SAP to optimise the production process also carries
certain risks:
Change Management: Introducing new processes may require changes in the way
employees work, which can cause resistance or difficulties in adaptation. In order to meet
these risks, the management team can introduce training programs to address the
challenges and doubts.
Data Accuracy and Integrity: Depending on the quality and accuracy of the data entered
into the SAP system, there is a risk of incorrect or incomplete information being used for
production processes. The risks can be avoided by establishing the interface between
Teamcenter and SAP, so the material master information is no longer manually
maintained.
Implementation Time and Cost: Implementing SAP standard solutions and additional
automation may be a time-consuming process. In order to meet this risk, the department
shall set priorities for the system improvements projects, as well as schedule each
change one at a time.
55
9. BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Geschäftsprozesse in SAP S/4HANA ManufacturingTEILNEHMERHANDBUCH S4200.
2. Grunddaten für Fertigung und Produktmanagement TEILNEHMERHANDBUCH S4210.
3. Material Requirements Planning with SAP S/4HANA Caetano Almeida, SAP Press 2020
4. Produktionsplanung und -steuerung mit SAP S/4HANA Praxisbuch, Alexander Wolf,
Christoph Sting, Rheinwerk Publishing 2021
5. Verwaltung von Serialnummern (LO-MD-SN) Release 4.6C, SAP AG 2001
6. Fertigungsaufträge (PP-SFC) Release 4.6C, SAP AG 2001
7. https://help.sap.com/